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1. external occipital protuberance
2. along the medial sides of the superior nuchal line
3. ligamentum nuchae (surrounding the cervical spinous processes)
4. spinous processes of C1-T12

1. posterior, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
2. acromion
3. superior spine of scapula

1. elevates scapula
2. upward rotation of the scapula (upper fibers)
3. downward rotation of the scapula (lower fibers)
4. retracts scapula

1. spinal Accessory (XI) (efferent or motor fibers)
2. ventral ramii of C3 & C4 (afferent or sensory fibers)

1. spinous process of T7-L5
2. upper 2-3 sacral segments
3. iliac crest
4. lower 3 or 4 Ribs

1. adduction of humerus
2. medial rotation of the humerus
3. extension from flexed position
4. downward rotation of the scapula

1. medial 1/3 of clavicle
2. anterior aspect of manubrium & length of body of sternum
3. cartilaginous attachments of upper 6 ribs
4. external oblique's aponeurosis

1. lateral lip of bicipital groove to the crest of the greater tubercle
2. clavicular fibers insert more distally; sternal fibers more proximally

1. adducts humerus
2. medially rotates humerus
3. flexion of the arm from extension (clavicular portion)

1. pectoralis branch of thoracoacromial artery (runs with lateral pec. nerve)
2. lateral thoracic artery (lesser supply, and runs with medial pectoral nerve)

1. lateral pectoral nerve, C5,6,7 to clavicular portion
2. medial pectoral nerve, C8,T1 to sternal portion

1. depresses & downwardly rotates the scapula
2. assists in scapular protraction from a retracted position
3. stabilizes the scapula

1. elevates the scapula
2. extends and/or laterally flexes the head

1. nerves off cervical plexus, C3,4
2. dorsal scapular nerve, C5

1. spinous process of C7 & T1
2. ligamentum nuchae
3. supraspinous ligament

1. deep branch of transverse cervical artery, OR
2. dorsal scapular artery

1. spinous processes of T2-T5
2. supraspinous ligament

1. deep branch of transverse cervical artery, OR
2. dorsal scapular artery

1. protract scapula
2. stabilize scapula
3. assists in upward rotation

1. lateral thoracic artery supplies the upper part
2. thoracodorsal artery supplies the lower part

1. lateral, anterior 1/3 of distal clavicle
2. lateral boarder of the acromion
3. scapular spine

1. abducts arm
2. flexion and medial rotation (anterior portion)
3. extension and lateral rotation (posterior portion)

1. posterior humeral circumflex artery
2. deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery

1. supraspinous fossa
2. muscle fascia

1. abduction of arm (first 15-20°)
2. stabilizes glenohumeral joint

1. infraspinous fossa
2. muscle fascia

1. external rotation of the humerus
2. stabilizes the glenohumeral joint

1. suprascapular artery
2. scapular circumflex artery

1. lateral rotation of the humerus
2. stabilizes the glenohumeral joint

1. assists in adduction of arm
2. assists in medial rotation of arm
3. assists in extension from an flexed position

1. medial rotation of the humerus
2. stabilizes the glenohumeral joint

1. lower portion of ligamentum nuchae
2. spinous processes of C3-T3(4)

1. superior nuchal line
2. mastoid process of temporal bone

1. bilateral contraction: extend head & neck
2. unilateral contraction: rotate and laterally bend head & neck to the contracted (same) side

1. bilateral contraction: extend head & neck
2. unilateral contraction: rotate and laterally bend head & neck to the contracted (same) side

1. sacrum
2. iliac crest
3. spinous processes of lower thoracic & most lumbar vertebrae

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. sacrum
2. iliac crest
3. spinous processes of lower thoracic & most lumbar vertebrae

1. transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae
2. all ribs between tubercles and angles
3. transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. transverse and articular processes of middle and lower cervical vertebrae
2. transverse processes of upper thoracic vertebrae

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. sacrum
2. iliac crest
3. spinous processes of lower thoracic & most lumbar vertebrae

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilateral:
   1. extension of vertebral column
   2. maintenance of erect posture (pneumonic = I Like Standing)
   3. stabilization of vertebral column during flexion, acting in contrast to abdominal muscles and the action of gravity
2. unilateral:
   1. lateral bend to same side
   2. rotation to same side
   3. opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilization

1. bilaterally extends vertebral column, especially head and neck
2. controls lateral flexion to side opposite contraction (eccentric for stability)
3. maintains head posture

1. bilaterally extends vertebral column, especially head and neck
2. controls lateral flexion to side opposite contraction (eccentric for stability)
3. maintains head posture

1. transverse processes of T1-T6
2. articular processes of C4-C7

1. bilaterally extends vertebral column, especially head and neck
2. controls lateral flexion to side opposite contraction (eccentric for stability)
3. maintains head posture

1. bilaterally extends vertebral column
2. controls lateral flexion to side opposite contraction (eccentric for stability)
3. unilaterally rotate vertebral bodies (column) to opposite side

1. rotate to opposite side
2. bilateral extension

1. rotate to opposite side
2. bilateral extension

1. laterally flexes each respective pair of vertebrae
2. (also eccentric muscle contraction provides stability)